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71.
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Douglas L. Vermillion 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1990,4(2):133-150
The paper argues that conventional irrigation design processes rely heavily on predetermined design criteria, often without allowing for interactions with farmers and revising of criteria during implementation. Six cases from a tertiary development project in North Sulawesi, Indonesia are described, where farmers altered what had been designed and constructed by contracting and agency engineers. Through field inspections and farmer interviews, the farmers' alternative set of design criteria was elicited to explain why the farmers changed what had been constructed. A total of 27 cases are analyzed to show the relative importance of:
相似文献
| farmer criteria which are compatible with project criteria but which draw on local knowledge of the environment, |
| farmer criteria which were additional to project criteria and |
| farmer criteria which were incompatible with project criteria. |
| Some mechanisms are suggested for how to incorporate into the design process local knowledge, interactive learning and flexibility. |
73.
文章针对识图教学过程中运用实例教学的重要性进行阐述,并针对实例教学法在建筑电气施工识图教学中的应用加以探讨,以提供理论参考。 相似文献
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在电力系统中,由于开关容量及运行方式限制,通常在低压系统中多采用1段母线、1台变压器运行方式。为了避免这种运行方式在母线检修、故障时可能造成停电的缺点,因此可用断路器将单母线分段。母线经断路器分段后。对重要用户可以从不同段引出两个回路,有两个电源供电。母线分段的数目。可以根据电源数目和容量来分.段数越多,停电的范围越小,所需电气设备越多.一般以4~6段为宜。本文对此配电母线进行N级联锁推导其算法.有利于今后解决多级联锁的问题。 相似文献
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Celia A. Harvey Cristobal Villanueva Rene Gómez Jorge Martinez 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(10):1664-1674
Trees dispersed in pastures are a prominent feature of many Central American landscapes, particularly in cattle producing regions where farmers retain trees to serve as shade, fodder, timber and firewood. The presence of dispersed trees in pastures is often considered as important for the conservation of biodiversity by providing habitat and enhancing landscape connectivity. However, despite their critical productive and environmental roles, little is known about tree distribution within pastures or how farmers’ management decisions influence the trees themselves and their impact on farm productivity and biodiversity conservation. Here, we present a synthesis of (a) the abundance, composition, and size of dispersed trees in four important cattle producing regions of Costa Rica (Caňas and Río Frío) and Nicaragua (Rivas and Matiguás), based on inventory of 18,669 trees on 1492 ha of pasture, (b) the local knowledge, management and use of trees by cattle farmers, and (c) opportunities for ensuring sustainable management of dispersed trees in pasture-dominated landscapes. Dispersed trees were common in all four landscapes, with mean frequency ranging from 8.0 trees ha−1 in Caňas to 33.4 trees ha−1 in Matiguás. A total of 255 tree species were found in pastures across the four landscapes. The total number of tree species per landscape varied from 72 in Rivas to 101 in Caňas and Rio Frio, with mean species richness per farm ranging from 22.9 in Rio Frio to 45.9 in Matiguás. In all four landscapes, a handful of tree species dominated the pastures, with the ten most abundant species in each landscape accounting for >70% of all trees recorded. Most of these common tree species provide fruits or foliage eaten by cattle, or are important timber or firewood species, and are deliberately retained by farmers for these uses. In all four landscapes, farmers had a detailed knowledge of tree attributes affecting pasture and animal productivity, and influenced tree cover through pasture management activities and occasional tree cutting. Current farm management practices are gradually decreasing the diversity of trees in pastures, and in some cases also tree density, reducing their contribution to farm productivity and biodiversity conservation. To reverse this trend, incentives are required to encourage cattle farmers to retain and enhance tree cover in pastures, through the adoption of pasture management practices that favor the regeneration and persistence of a diverse range of tree species. 相似文献
79.
Stewart A.W. Diemont Jessica L. BohnDonald D. Rayome Sarah J. KelsenKaity Cheng 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(10):1696-1705
Numerous communities associated with at least five distinct ethnic Mayan groups in southern Mexico and Central America continue to rely upon forested areas as integral components of their agricultural systems. They carefully manage these areas so that forests provide food, raw materials, and animals. Management practices include removing and planting of woody and herbaceous species, apiculture, and seed harvest. Mayan agroforestry systems in geographically and ecologically distinct areas of Mesoamerica were evaluated to better understand traditional agroforestry system components and how indigenous Mayan agroforestry could be a part of regional forest conservation and restoration. Systems were within Mexican land grant areas (ejidos) or on contested land. Although these systems rely upon different woody species and management techniques, common among them are: (1) the use of multi-stage and successional pathways with forest as a part of the larger system, (2) species that are believed by traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to accelerate forest regeneration - more than 30 tree species are recognized and managed as potential facilitators of forest regeneration and (3) direct human consumption of forest products at all stages of regeneration. 相似文献
80.
以《房产测量规范》(GB/T17986.1-2000)标准绘制的分幅房产图为土地调查底图,依《土地利用现状分类》(GB/T21010-2007)标准对房产图上的土地利用现状信息进行提取。详细探讨从分幅房产图上的商业金融业用地、市政用地、公共建筑用地、交通等用地中提取地类信息的归并情况,指出从分幅房产图上提取土地利用现状信息存在的问题为:概念范围界定不统一、相同地类名称不相同、表示信息侧重点不同和精度差异等。为共享资源,节约社会成本,建议统一地类划定标准,多种地图一体化综合测绘等。 相似文献